Change of State of Matter
- We can change the Physical state of matter in two ways:
- By changing the temperature (by heating or cooling).
- By changing the pressure (by increasing or decreasing the Pressure).
- Two factors :Pressure and Temperature, decide whether a given substance would be in a solid, liquid or gaseous state at a given condition.
Temperature : It is measurement of Hotness or Coldness in simple words. More Correctly it decides the direction of flow of Heat for a system.
The Unit of Temperature :
- The common unit of measuring temperatures (like melting points, boiling points etc.) is ‘degrees Celsius’ which is written in short form as °C.
- Laboratory thermometers and clinical thermometer are calibrated on Celsius scale of temperature.
- There is another scale of temperature called Kelvin scale of temperature which is used by the Engineers and Scientists. The SI unit of measuring temperature is Kelvin, which is denoted by the symbol K.
- The relation between Kelvin scale and Celsius scale of temperature can be written as:
Temp. on Kelvin scale=Temp. on Celsius scale + 273
K = ºC + 273
Effect of Change of Temperature:
Solid to Liquid Change: Melting
- The process in which a solid substance changes into a liquid on heating, is called on Melting or Fusion.
- The temperature at which a solid substance melts and changes into a liquid at atmospheric pressure, is called Melting point of substance. For example, the Ice melts at a temperature of 0°C to form liquid water, so the melting point of ice is 0°C (zero degree Celsius). At melting point, ice changes its state from solid to liquid.
- Different solids have different melting points. Higher the melting point of a solid substance, greater will be the force of attraction between its particles.
- The melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles. It means, Higher Melting Point indicates Stronger inter-molecular forces of Solid.
- When a solid substance is heated, the heat energy makes its particles vibrate more vigorously. At the melting point, the particles of a solid have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the strong forces of attraction holding them in fixed positions and break to form small groups of particles and the solid melts to form a liquid.
Liquid to Gas Change: Boiling (or Vaporisation)
- The process in which a liquid substance changes into a gas rapidly on heating, is called boiling.
- The temperature, at which a liquid boils and changes rapidly into a gas at atmospheric pressure, is called boiling point of the liquid.
- For example, when water is heated to a temperature of 100 °C (hundred degree Celsius).
- Different liquids have different boiling points.
- The boiling point of a liquid is a measure of the force of attraction between its particles.
- When a liquid is heated, the heat energy makes its particles move even faster. At the boiling point the particles of liquid have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the forces of attraction holding them together and separate into individual particles. And the liquid boils to form a gas.
Gas to Liquid Change: Condensation
- The process of changing a gas (or vapour) to a liquid by cooling is called condensation.
- When steam (or water vapour) changes into water on cooling, it is called condensation of steam.
- When a gas is cooled enough, then its particles lose so much kinetic energy that they slow down, move closer together until they start being attracted to each other, and form a liquid.
Liquid to solid change: Freezing
- The process of changing a liquid into a solid by cooling is called freezing.
- For example, when water is cooled, it gets converted into a solid called ‘ice’. This is called freezing of water. Freezing means solidification.
